In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured, while fifty churches and seventy conservative political centres were attacked or set ablaze. The municipal elections of April 12, 1931, proved that the great cities were overwhelmingly Republican. of a sufficient economy to sustain the war of attrition or provide efficient equipment for the army; he once again was despised by the population and blamed for the numerous defeats the army endured and a growing hatred grew larger and larger against him and a cry for change. [7] The rebellion was crushed by the Spanish Navy and the Spanish Republican Army, the latter using mainly Moorish colonial troops from Spanish Morocco. The military grew a great dislike for the government to the point where a. demand for financial subsidies beginning in 1803 and the renewal of hostilities with England late in 1804 quickly pushed the Crown to the brink of bankruptcy. Instead he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. Spain had a very religious population, and by establishing the extreme measures against the Church, the government lost support from a quarter of the Spanish people already. • The birth of the Second Republic was the key moment in modern Spanish history. When the antifascist Castillo and the anti-socialist Calvo Sotelo were buried on the same day in the same Madrid cemetery, fighting between the Police Assault Guard and fascist militias broke out in the surrounding streets, resulting in four more deaths. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Primary Sources Second Republic. If anything, the uprising and its results further divided the government and the people of Spain. ...read more. The reason for this great failure takes its root in many different aspects of the Spanish history. Jensen, Geoffrey. "[27], In 1933, all remaining religious congregations were obliged to pay taxes and banned from industry, trade and educational activities. Key Terms Francisco Franco A Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a dictator for 36 years from 1939 until his death. It was used as a testing ground for the German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion. The liberal republicans’ hopes of establishing an enduring democratic regime were soon [64] [17] Two days later, the Second Republic was proclaimed, and King Alfonso XIII went into exile. In a speech delivered on 27 November 1932, at the Madrid Ateneo, he protested: "Even the Inquisition was limited by certain legal guarantees. President Alcalá-Zamora, who had always been hostile to the government, decided to call for new elections, refusing once again to invite CEDA, the party with most seats in the parliament, to form a government. The Second Republic did try its best at times in measures such as the labour arbitration scheme and the Catalan Statute. But as John Gunther once said in 1937, "Left against right; poor against rich; workers against troops; ... All these confrontations played their part". Stanley Payne brings his immense knowledge of Spanish history to bear on the five-year span of the Second Republic as a historic entity in its own right. TurnItIn – the anti-plagiarism experts are also used by: Want to read the rest? Alfonso XIII became increasingly autocratic and in 1909 was condemned for ordering the execution of the radical leader, Ferrer Guardia, in Barcelona. Had it taken more care to displease only one section of the population instead of the whole (it is almost impossible to please all classes because of the angering factions in Spain), it may have been able to maintain its support and avoid failure. [19], In June 1931 a Constituent Cortes was elected to draft a new constitution, which came into force in December. Alcalá Zamora’s professed goal was to “center the Republic,” stabilizing the new regime while avoiding extremes, but he failed altogether in this project. "Mobilization and political violence following the Spanish general elections of 1936". Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. For Spain from 1873 to 1874, see. The Spanish Second Republic Read this doc on Scribd: Causes of the Spanish Civil War Worksheet to accompany the interactive unit at www.activehistory.co.uk / 1 1931-1936: Why did the Spanish Second Republic Fail? Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. Franco. Azana came back to power, he was liberal and wanted to restore the modern policies and release political prisoners, this angered the right. The Second Spanish Republic (1931–36) was the only new liberal democratic regime to emerge in Europe during the 1930s. • The democratic project that the Republic was based on aroused great hopes in the nation. No effective action was taken; Payne points to a possible veto by socialists within the government who shielded the killers who had been drawn from their ranks. Manuel Azaña Díaz was called upon to form a government before the electoral process had come to an end, and he would shortly replace Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole: the Constitution allowed the Cortes to remove the President from office after two early dissolutions, and while the first (1933) dissolution had been partially justified because of the fulfillment of the Constitutional mission of the first legislature, the second one had been a simple bid to trigger early elections. This left Asturian strikers to fight alone. Ein Staatsstreich rechtsgerichteter Teile der Armee gegen die gewählte linke Regierung löst… With this rebellion against an established political legitimate authority, the Socialists showed identical repudiation of representative institutional system that anarchists had practiced. Esdaile, Charles J. Created by teachers, our study guides highlight the really important stuff you need to know. Primo de Rivera, the Second Republic, and Francoist Spain Proclamation of the Second Republic in the plaça de Sant Jaume, Barcelona. The reason for this great failure takes its root in many different aspects of the Spanish history. [58][59] Of particular importance to Mola was ensuring the revolt was at its core an Army affair, one that would not be subject to special interests and that the coup would make the armed forces the basis for the new state. donquijote. Hachette UK, 2012. harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCasanova2010 (, Mariano Ospina Peña, La II República Española, caballerosandantes.net/videoteca.php?action=verdet&vid=89, Dilectissima Nobis, 2 (On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain), Spain 1833–2002, p.133, Mary Vincent, Oxford, 2007, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCasanova2010 (, Madariaga - Spain (1964) p.416 as cited in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017 (. This was detrimental to the Republic because its primary goal was social reform: it was voted in by the peasants because it promised the latter (a majority of the population) reforms that would bring more equality between the labourers and the landowners. Major industries of the Second Spanish Republic were located in the Basque region (due to it having Europe's best high-grade non-phosphoric ore) and Catalonia. The moderate centre parties virtually disappeared; between the elections, Lerroux's group fell from the 104 representatives it had in 1934 to just 9. The revolt was remarkably devoid of any particular ideology. "[23] Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the civil liberties of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis. After the proclamation of the Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, when the 1931 Constitution was approved and a Constitutional Republic was formally established. This extract suggests that the poorly-implemented agrarian reform only served to angry all kinds of farmers - small to large-sized. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936" [35]. However Azana firmly believed that by separating Church from the government and education he could ameliorate Spain's backwardness, and thus he continued. Second Republic, (1848–52) French republic established after the Revolution of 1848 toppled the July monarchy of King Louis-Philippe. Alvarez Tardio, Manuel. Create one now! [2], Soon Azaña came into conflict with both the right and far left. [52] However, the kidnapping and murder of Sotelo transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war. [22] José Ortega y Gasset stated, "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me. Despite the Republic's eventual failure, it did achieve some successes. Search for your essay title... the causes and consequences of the spanish civil war, Analyse the causes of the Spanish Civil War. [33] Another rebellion by the autonomous government of Catalonia, led by its president Lluís Companys, was also suppressed and was followed by mass arrests and trials. Spain’s First Democracy The Second Republic, 1931–1936 Stanley G. Payne “[Stanley Payne is] America’s most prolific historian of Spain.” —Paul Preston, New York Times Book Review The significance of Spain’s Second Republic has been largely overshadowed by the cataclysmic Civil War that immediately followed it. [3] After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the largest party in the congress, was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. His body was dropped at the entrance of one of the city's cemeteries. Beevor, Antony. Spanish Second Republic Revisited: From Democratic Hopes to Civil War (1931-1936) (Studies in Spanish History) | Tardío, Manuel Álvarez, Reguillo, Fernando Del Rey | ISBN: 9781845195922 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. A propósito del libro 1936. [26], With the new constitution approved in December 1931, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. On 28 January 1930 the military dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera (who had been in power since September 1923) was overthrown. The Second Republic was an attempt to build a “modern” Spain and lasted until April 1st 1939 when the successful military rebellion led by General Francisco Franco brought to an end the Spanish Civil War. The socio-economic divide between the rich and the poor continued to expand and the poor?s hunger for land continued. The subsequent 1933 election was won by the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA). The Republican Constitution also changed the country's national symbols. The killing of Calvo Sotelo with police involvement aroused suspicions and strong reactions among the government's opponents on the right. Yale University Press, 2008, pp.84–85. Notes on the History and Development of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Join over 1.2 million students every month, Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month. The Second Republic (1931-1936) The birth of the Second Republic was the key moment in modern Spanish history. Abroad Spain is classified as insolvent. When this failed and Barcelona fell to the rebels in early 1939, it was clear the war was over. [50] Although the nationalist generals were already planning an uprising, the event was a catalyst and a public justification for a coup. [36] In line with Payne's point of view, in 2017 two Spanish Scholars, Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Roberto Villa García published the result of a research where they concluded that the 1936 elections were rigged. [5] The rebellion developed into a bloody revolutionary uprising, trying to overthrow the legitimate democratic regime. The Spanish Civil War: A Military History. Although both sides received foreign military aid, the help that Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany (as part of German involvement in the Spanish Civil War), and neighbouring Portugal gave the rebels was much greater and more effective than the assistance that the Republicans received from the USSR, Mexico, and volunteers of the International Brigades. • Nevertheless, five years later the country plunged itself into a gory civil war. This was only made worse due to Spanish exports being extremely low and Spain having a heavily domestic manufacturing industry. Alfonso XIII of Spain assumed power in 1902. As a reaction, the Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. The 1931 Constitution was formally effective from 1931 until 1939. Second Republic. © 2003 - 2015 Marked by Teachers. Spain was indeed “different,” but only in the most exemplary way. Don't have an account yet? There was a lot of political turmoil and disagreement during this time, which is evidenced by the many prominent parties of the 2nd Republic and also by the bienniums of social/political change. Although it only received 0.7 percent of the votes in the election, by July 1936 the Falange had 40,000 members. [14] This led various republican factions from a wide variety of backgrounds (including old conservatives, socialists and Catalan nationalists) to join forces. While the Axis powers wholeheartedly assisted General Franco's military campaign, the governments of France, Britain, and other European powers looked the other way and let the Republican forces die, as the actions of the Non-Intervention Committee would show. The birth of Spain’s Second Republic was greeted enthusiastically following the decision of both the dictator, General Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the king, Alfonso XIII, to go into exile (in January 1930 and April 1931 respectively). The Second Republic in Spain lasted from 1931 to 1939. Stanley Payne brings his immense knowledge of Spanish history to bear on the five-year span of the Second Republic as a historic entity in its own right. This helped the development of the fascist-inspired Falange Española, a National party led by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the son of the former dictator, Miguel Primo de Rivera. The Popular Front won the 1936 general election with a narrow victory. Fairly well armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of Asturias, committing numerous murders of policemen, clerics and civilians and destroying religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo. Nevertheless, five years later the country plunged itself into a gory civil war. The government headed by Manuel Azaña undertook deep reforms to modernise Spain and stabilize the Republican regime. [37][38] This view has been criticised by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true. The leaders of the treason (Franco was not commander-in-chief yet) did not lose heart with the stalemate and apparent failure of the coup. Catalonia (1932), the Basque Country (1936) and Galicia (although the Galician Statute of Autonomy couldn't come into effect due to the war) exercised this right, with Aragon, Andalusia and Valencia, engaged in negotiations with the government before the outbreak of the Civil War. This also illustrates how the Republic managed to anger most classes in Spain. HISTORIANS HAVE RECOGNIZED THAT the advent of the Second Republic in Spain in 1931 was a unique event, the only major new step toward democracy in Europe during a decade of economic and political crisis. Spain History - 2nd Republic - (1931 - 1939) For the next five years the power swayed between the political views of the right and left and more often as not blood was shed. According to all later investigations, the perpetrator of the murder was a socialist gunman, Luis Cuenca, who was known as the bodyguard of PSOE leader Indalecio Prieto. Historians, however, have focused primarily on the Civil War of 1936–39 that followed, devoting much less attention to the parliamentary regime that preceded it. [62][63], Franco's move was intended to seize power immediately, but his army uprising met with serious resistance, and great swathes of Spain, including most of the main cities, remained loyal to the Republic of Spain. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take over government institutions. The significance of Spain's Second Republic has been largely overshadowed by the cataclysmic Civil War that immediately followed it. Rather than face civil war and street demonstrations in … If anything, they became even more extremist over time and were quick to take advantage of any opportunity to seize power. These differences became evident in the 1936 elections. Spain's conflicting history had already been built up by that time too - for example Catalan's demand for autonomy. For each one, note down the most convincing argument for and against it, and try to form an overall judgement. mation of the Second Spanish Republic, six decades after the ephemeral and failed first attempt of a republican government. It was a bloodless transition and there was plenty of window dressing to celebrate the occasion. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the rebel faction that fought to establish a military dictatorship under General Francisco Franco. Name: Eva Teng The Second Spanish Republic was established in 1931, and it was the first attempt to establish democracy in Spain after the previous failure in the 19th century. Spanish Second Republic Revisited: From Democratic Hopes to the Civil War (1931-1936) (Sussex Studies in Spanish History) | Alvarez Tardio, Manuel, Rey Reguillo, Fernando del | ISBN: 9781845194598 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. All these failures were accompanied by further fiascoes under the Right Republic of 1933~36. See what the reforms were and how the military reacted. [47], Prominent rightists blamed the government for Calvo Sotelo's assassination. JavaScript seem to be disabled in your browser. [9] The right had firmly believed, at all levels, that they would win. The issue was that the Left Republicans identified the Republic not with democracy or constitutional law but with a specific set of left-wing policies and politicians. Get Full Access Now Spain's military did not oppose the establishment of the country's Second Republic in April 1931, although there were reservations. [16] The 12 April 1931 municipal elections led to a landslide victory for republicans. Catholic churches and establishments in cities like Madrid and Sevilla were set ablaze on 11 May. [32] In the occupied areas the rebels officially declared the proletarian revolution and abolished regular money. ...read more. This could mean that this party might have followed Caballero?s suggestions or to show Spain what their mentality was. The coup failed due to the popular resistance and the support of some police forces loyal to the Republic. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. Any deviation, even if democratic, was seen as treasonous.[5]. Even the staunch socialist Indalecio Prieto at a party rally in Cuenca, in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. Under the new Constitution, all of Spain's regions had the right to autonomy. [8], The government led by the Radical Republican Party went through a series of crises in 1935. In the summer of 1936, after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, it became largely irrelevant after the authority of the Republic was superseded in many places by revolutionary socialists and anarchists on one side, and fascists on the other. [4] A general strike was called by the UGT and the PSOE in the name of the Alianza Obrera. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concluded that 500,000 deaths were the correct figure. The restoration of the royal Bourbons was rejected by large sectors of the populace who vehemently opposed the King. Territories and colonies of the Spanish Republic: Assassinations of political leaders and beginning of the war, Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war. He called a vote of confidence, but two-thirds of the Cortes abstained, and President Alcalá-Zamora ordered Azaña's resignation on 8 September 1933. This led various republican factions from a wide variety of backgrounds, including old conservatives and socialists, to join forces. Military reform headed by a politician (and civilian), however, did cause alarm. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state." Although much of rural Spain elected pro-monarchist politicians, everyone, including King Alfonso XIII, knew that local caciques (local town bosses) controlled the vote. King Alfonso XIII called for democratic elections, ushering in the Second Republic–the First Republic, formed in 1873, lasted only a year–and five years of social unrest, during which the political right and left vied for control. But altogether it was these divisions, combined with the Second Republic's extreme policies and inappropriate approach to situations, that led to this government's inevitable downfall. The right abandoned the parliamentary option and began to conspire to overthrow the republic, rather than taking control of it.[10][11]. Buy Spanish Second Republic Revisited: From Democratic Hopes to Civil War (1931-1936) (Studies in Spanish History) by Alvarez Tardio, Manuel, Reguillo, Fernando (ISBN: 9781845195922) from Amazon's Book Store. Almost immediately after the results were known, a group of monarchists asked Robles to lead a coup but he refused. Tough GCSE topics broken down and explained by out team of expert teachers, Learn the art of brilliant essay writing with help from our teachers, Get your head around tough topics at A-level with our teacher written guides, Start writing remarkable essays with guidance from our expert teacher team, Understand the tough topics in IB with our teacher written Study Guides, Learn the art of brilliant essay writing from our experienced teachers, Struggling with an assignment? Log in now! But without the money to carry out its promises, the Republic lost yet more support, this time from the working class. This way the republican government of Manuel Azaña initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country.[2]. [57] The major goal was to put an end to anarchical disorder. For example, they were recruited into anti profiteering objectivities during the Civil War because of their "tender hearts and sharp eyes." ...read more. 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